Factoring

When we factor we are applying the distributive law in reverse--reversing what we did when multiplying (which we did in the previous section). Note that we can always check our factoring by multiplying out our factored expression to see that we get what we started with.

Removing a Common Factor
If we remove a common factor from each of the terms in an expression we are reversing the distributive law:
ab+ac = a(b+c)
Note the following special cases:
-a-b = -(a+b)
(a-b) = -(b-a)
Examples
Note carefully which factors or expressions are common to each term and are factored out.
  1. (2/3)x^2 y + (4/3)xy = (2/3)xy(x + 2)
  2. 2-x = (-1)(x-2) = -(x-2)
  3. e^(2x)+x e^x = e^x e^x + x e^x = e^x(e^x + x)
  4. (2p+1)p^3 - 3p(2p+1) = (p^3-3p)(2p+1)=p(p^2-3)(2p+1)
  5. -(s^2t/(8w)) - (st^2/(16w)) = -(st/(8w))(s + (t/2))
(In particular, note that for the middle step in example four the expression (2p+1) is that which is common and can be factored out.)

Grouping terms

Even though all the terms may not have a common factor, we can sometimes factor by first grouping the terms and then removing a common factor.

Examples
Be sure to notice which terms are grouped and why, and then which common factors we are able to take out.
  1. x^2-hx-x+h=(x^2-xh)-(x-h)=x(x-h)-(x-h)=(x-h)(x-1)
  2. 2x^3+4x^2-x-2 = (2x^3-x)+(4x^2-2) = x(2x^2-1)+2(2x^2-1) = (2x^2-1)(x+2)
  3. 2a^5+a^4b-2a-b=(2a^5-2a)+(a^4b-b)=2a(a^4-1)+b(a^4-1)=(2a+b)(a^4-1)
Practice

Be sure you've gone through each step in the examples above before doing these. Once you've worked them until you're sure that you understand them, go on to the next section. There are more problems of this type in the section test at the end of the section.

Note that you can get new practice problems by clicking the "Refresh" button at the bottom of the practice set.

  1. Factor the following as completely as possible into the indicated form. (In the parenthesized term, enter expressions like 2x^3 as 2 x^3, with no multiplication sign and indicating exponentiation with a caret.)
         
    k x ^m y ^c + n x ^b y ^p   =   x   y   ( + )
    (Enter answers, then click: . Answer message: )
  2. Next, factor the following into a product of binomials as indicated. (For each of your answers enter expressions like 2x^3 as 2 x^3, with no multiplication sign and indicating exponentiation with a caret.)
    w x ^r y ^u + z y ^aa + bb x ^r + cc y   =   ( + ) ( + )
    (Enter answers, then click: . Answer message: )
For more practice, click: .
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precal: 3.1 - factoring common factors
page created: Sun Apr 28 15:12:16 2024
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©2003-2007 Gavin LaRose, Pat Shure / University of Michigan Math Dept. / Regents of the University of Michigan